Windows API

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Application calls CreateFile()
       │
       ▼
kernel32.dll!CreateFileW()
       │
       ├─ Parameter validation
       ├─ Unicode conversion if needed
       │
       ▼
ntdll.dll!NtCreateFile()
       │
       ├─ System call number lookup
       ├─ Transition to kernel mode (syscall instruction)
       │
       ▼
ntoskrnl.exe!NtCreateFile()
       │
       ├─ Security checks
       ├─ Object manager operations
       ├─ File system driver dispatch
       │
       ▼
Return to user mode with result

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// Fixed-size types
typedef unsigned char       BYTE;    // 8-bit unsigned
typedef unsigned short      WORD;    // 16-bit unsigned
typedef unsigned long       DWORD;   // 32-bit unsigned
typedef unsigned __int64    QWORD;   // 64-bit unsigned
 
// Platform-dependent types (size varies with 32/64-bit)
typedef __int3264           INT_PTR;    // Signed pointer-sized
typedef unsigned __int3264  UINT_PTR;   // Unsigned pointer-sized
typedef __int3264           LONG_PTR;   // Signed pointer-sized (long)
typedef unsigned __int3264  ULONG_PTR;  // Unsigned pointer-sized
typedef ULONG_PTR           SIZE_T;     // Size type (like size_t)
typedef LONG_PTR            SSIZE_T;    // Signed size type
 
// Boolean type
typedef int                 BOOL;       // TRUE or FALSE
#define TRUE  1
#define FALSE 0
 
// Handle types (all are pointer-sized, but opaque)
typedef void*              HANDLE;
typedef HANDLE             HFILE;
typedef HANDLE             HMODULE;
typedef HANDLE             HINSTANCE;
typedef HANDLE             HWND;
typedef HANDLE             HDC;
 
// String types
typedef char*              LPSTR;      // Mutable ANSI string
typedef const char*        LPCSTR;     // Immutable ANSI string
typedef wchar_t*           LPWSTR;     // Mutable Unicode string
typedef const wchar_t*     LPCWSTR;    // Immutable Unicode string
 
// Generic text macros (resolve based on UNICODE define)
#ifdef UNICODE
    typedef LPWSTR         LPTSTR;
    typedef LPCWSTR        LPCTSTR;
#else
    typedef LPSTR          LPTSTR;
    typedef LPCSTR         LPCTSTR;
#endif

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// The UNICODE preprocessor symbol controls function resolution
// In Windows headers, you'll find:
 
#ifdef UNICODE
    #define CreateFile  CreateFileW
    #define MessageBox  MessageBoxW
    #define GetModuleFileName GetModuleFileNameW
#else
    #define CreateFile  CreateFileA
    #define MessageBox  MessageBoxA
    #define GetModuleFileName GetModuleFileNameA
#endif
 
// Modern Windows development should always use Unicode
// Define UNICODE and _UNICODE before including Windows headers,
// or set them in your project configuration
 
#define UNICODE
#define _UNICODE
#include <windows.h>
 
// Now all generic names resolve to Unicode versions:
// CreateFile → CreateFileW
// MessageBox → MessageBoxW
 
// Best practice: Use explicit W versions for clarity
HANDLE hFile = CreateFileW(
    L"C:\\data\\file.txt",  // Unicode string literal
    GENERIC_READ,
    0,
    NULL,
    OPEN_EXISTING,
    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
    NULL
);

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#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
 
void DemonstrateErrorHandling() {
    // Attempt to open a file that doesn't exist
    HANDLE hFile = CreateFileW(
        L"C:\\nonexistent\\file.txt",
        GENERIC_READ,
        0,
        NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING,    // Fail if file doesn't exist
        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
        NULL
    );
    
    // Check for failure - INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE for file operations
    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        // Get the error code - MUST be called immediately after failure
        DWORD error = GetLastError();
        
        // ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND (2) or ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND (3)
        switch (error) {
            case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
                printf("Error: File not found\n");
                break;
            case ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
                printf("Error: Path not found\n");
                break;
            case ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
                printf("Error: Access denied\n");
                break;
            default:
                printf("Error: Unknown error %lu\n", error);
        }
        
        // Get a human-readable error message
        LPWSTR messageBuffer = NULL;
        FormatMessageW(
            FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | 
            FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
            FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
            NULL,
            error,
            MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
            (LPWSTR)&messageBuffer,
            0,
            NULL
        );
        
        if (messageBuffer) {
            wprintf(L"System message: %s\n", messageBuffer);
            LocalFree(messageBuffer);
        }
        
        return;
    }
    
    // Success - remember to close the handle
    CloseHandle(hFile);
}

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// Pattern 1: HANDLE-returning functions
HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(...);
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {  // Note: NOT checking for NULL!
    DWORD error = GetLastError();
    // Handle error...
}
 
HANDLE hMutex = CreateMutex(...);
if (hMutex == NULL) {  // Mutex returns NULL on failure
    DWORD error = GetLastError();
    // Handle error...
}
 
// Pattern 2: BOOL-returning functions
BOOL success = ReadFile(hFile, buffer, bufferSize, &bytesRead, NULL);
if (!success) {
    DWORD error = GetLastError();
    // Handle error...
}
 
// Pattern 3: HRESULT-returning functions (COM-style)
HRESULT hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
if (FAILED(hr)) {  // Use FAILED() macro, not direct comparison
    // HRESULT contains error info - no GetLastError() needed
    // Use HRESULT_CODE() to extract error code
}
 
// Pattern 4: Memory allocation
LPVOID pMemory = VirtualAlloc(NULL, size, MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_READWRITE);
if (pMemory == NULL) {
    DWORD error = GetLastError();
    // Handle OOM or allocation failure...
}
 
// Wrapper function for consistent error handling
typedef struct {
    BOOL success;
    DWORD errorCode;
    WCHAR errorMessage[256];
} WinApiResult;
 
WinApiResult WrapApiCall(BOOL apiResult) {
    WinApiResult result = {0};
    result.success = apiResult;
    
    if (!apiResult) {
        result.errorCode = GetLastError();
        FormatMessageW(
            FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
            NULL,
            result.errorCode,
            MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
            result.errorMessage,
            ARRAYSIZE(result.errorMessage),
            NULL
        );
    }
    
    return result;
}

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// Basic Windows application setup
// The order of definitions matters!
 
// Target Windows version (Windows 10, version 1903+)
#define WINVER 0x0A00
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0A00
 
// Use Unicode (always recommended)
#define UNICODE
#define _UNICODE
 
// Exclude rarely-used components for faster compilation
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN    // Exclude MFC, OLE, and RPC
#define NOMINMAX               // Don't define min/max macros (conflict with C++ std)
#define STRICT                 // Enable strict type checking
 
#include <windows.h>
 
// windows.h pulls in many sub-headers:
// - windef.h    - Basic type definitions (DWORD, WORD, BOOL, etc.)
// - winbase.h   - Kernel32 function declarations
// - winuser.h   - User32 function declarations
// - wingdi.h    - GDI function declarations
// - winnt.h     - NT-specific types and constants
// - winerror.h  - Error code definitions
 
// Additional headers for specific functionality (not included by default):
#include <shellapi.h>     // Shell functions (ShellExecute, etc.)
#include <shlobj.h>       // Shell object interfaces
#include <tlhelp32.h>     // Tool help (process/thread enumeration)
#include <psapi.h>        // Process status API
#include <winsock2.h>     // Networking (MUST be before windows.h!)
#include <ws2tcpip.h>     // Modern socket functions
#include <dbghelp.h>      // Debug help library
#include <winternl.h>     // Some (few) internal functions

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// Conditional compilation based on target version
#if _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0602  // Windows 8+
    // Use new memory functions
    DiscardVirtualMemory(address, size);
#else
    // Fall back to older approach
    VirtualAlloc(address, size, MEM_RESET, PAGE_READWRITE);
#endif
 
// Runtime version checking (for features that may not exist)
typedef BOOL (WINAPI *PFN_SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext)(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT);
 
BOOL SetDpiAwareness() {
    HMODULE hUser32 = GetModuleHandleW(L"user32.dll");
    if (!hUser32) return FALSE;
    
    // Try to get the newest function first
    PFN_SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext pSetContext = 
        (PFN_SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext)GetProcAddress(
            hUser32, 
            "SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext"
        );
    
    if (pSetContext) {
        // Windows 10 1703+
        return pSetContext(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT_PER_MONITOR_AWARE_V2);
    }
    
    // Fall back to older DPI awareness API...
    return SetProcessDPIAware();  // Windows Vista+
}

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/*
 * Windows API Example: File Processor
 * Demonstrates proper Win32 patterns for file I/O
 */
 
#define WINVER 0x0A00
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0A00
#define UNICODE
#define _UNICODE
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#define STRICT
 
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <strsafe.h>  // Safe string functions
 
// Helper: Print detailed error message
void PrintError(LPCWSTR context) {
    DWORD error = GetLastError();
    LPWSTR message = NULL;
    
    FormatMessageW(
        FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | 
        FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
        FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
        NULL,
        error,
        MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
        (LPWSTR)&message,
        0,
        NULL
    );
    
    fwprintf(stderr, L"Error in %s: %s (code: %lu)\n", 
             context, message ? message : L"Unknown", error);
    
    if (message) LocalFree(message);
}
 
// Process a file: read content in chunks
BOOL ProcessFile(LPCWSTR filePath, PDWORD pBytesProcessed) {
    HANDLE hFile = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    BYTE* buffer = NULL;
    BOOL result = FALSE;
    DWORD totalBytesRead = 0;
    
    const DWORD BUFFER_SIZE = 64 * 1024;  // 64KB chunks
    
    // Validate parameters
    if (!filePath || !pBytesProcessed) {
        SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        return FALSE;
    }
    
    *pBytesProcessed = 0;
    
    // Open file for reading with optimal flags
    hFile = CreateFileW(
        filePath,
        GENERIC_READ,
        FILE_SHARE_READ,          // Allow other readers
        NULL,                     // Default security
        OPEN_EXISTING,            // File must exist
        FILE_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL_SCAN, // Hint for read-ahead
        NULL                      // No template
    );
    
    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        PrintError(L"CreateFile");
        goto cleanup;
    }
    
    // Allocate read buffer
    buffer = (BYTE*)HeapAlloc(
        GetProcessHeap(),
        0,  // No special flags
        BUFFER_SIZE
    );
    
    if (!buffer) {
        SetLastError(ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY);
        PrintError(L"HeapAlloc");
        goto cleanup;
    }
    
    // Read file in chunks
    DWORD bytesRead;
    while (TRUE) {
        if (!ReadFile(hFile, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, &bytesRead, NULL)) {
            PrintError(L"ReadFile");
            goto cleanup;
        }
        
        if (bytesRead == 0) {
            // End of file
            break;
        }
        
        totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
        
        // Process the chunk here...
        // (In real code, you'd do something with the data)
    }
    
    *pBytesProcessed = totalBytesRead;
    result = TRUE;
 
cleanup:
    // ALWAYS clean up resources
    if (buffer) {
        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, buffer);
    }
    
    if (hFile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        CloseHandle(hFile);
    }
    
    return result;
}
 
int wmain(int argc, wchar_t* argv[]) {
    if (argc != 2) {
        wprintf(L"Usage: %s <filepath>\n", argv[0]);
        return 1;
    }
    
    DWORD bytesProcessed;
    if (ProcessFile(argv[1], &bytesProcessed)) {
        wprintf(L"Successfully processed %lu bytes\n", bytesProcessed);
        return 0;
    }
    
    return 1;
}