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// ========== STATEFUL: Counter ==========
// Behavior depends on internal state
 
public class Counter {
    private int count = 0;  // Internal state
    
    public int increment() {
        return ++count;  // Result depends on previous state
    }
    
    public int getCount() {
        return count;  // Exposes current state
    }
}
 
// Each call to increment() returns a DIFFERENT result
Counter c = new Counter();
c.increment();  // Returns 1
c.increment();  // Returns 2 (different result, same method!)
c.increment();  // Returns 3
 
 
// ========== STATELESS: Calculator ==========
// Behavior depends only on inputs
 
public class Calculator {
    // No instance fields (no state)
    
    public int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;  // Result depends ONLY on inputs
    }
    
    public double sqrt(double x) {
        return Math.sqrt(x);  // Pure function of input
    }
}
 
// Same inputs ALWAYS produce same outputs
Calculator calc = new Calculator();
calc.add(2, 3);  // Returns 5
calc.add(2, 3);  // Returns 5 (identical call, identical result)
calc.add(2, 3);  // Returns 5 (always!)
 
// Different Calculator instances are interchangeable
Calculator calc2 = new Calculator();
calc2.add(2, 3);  // Also returns 5 (instance doesn't matter)

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// ========== STATELESS: Scales horizontally ==========
 
@RestController
public class PricingController {
    // No instance state - any instance handles any request
    
    @Autowired
    private PricingService pricingService;  // Also stateless
    
    @GetMapping("/price")
    public BigDecimal calculatePrice(
        @RequestParam String productId,
        @RequestParam int quantity,
        @RequestParam String couponCode  // All info in request
    ) {
        // Pure computation from inputs
        return pricingService.calculate(productId, quantity, couponCode);
    }
    
    // With 10 instances behind a load balancer:
    // - Request 1 → Instance 3 → correct result
    // - Request 2 → Instance 7 → correct result (same inputs = same output)
    // - Instance 5 crashes → no data lost, other instances handle traffic
}
 
 
// ========== STATEFUL: Scaling challenges ==========
 
@RestController  
@SessionScope  // Creates instance per session
public class ShoppingCartController {
    // Instance holds user-specific state
    private List<CartItem> items = new ArrayList<>();
    private BigDecimal total = BigDecimal.ZERO;
    
    @PostMapping("/cart/add")
    public void addItem(@RequestBody CartItem item) {
        items.add(item);
        total = total.add(item.getPrice());
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/cart")
    public CartResponse getCart() {
        return new CartResponse(items, total);
    }
    
    // With 10 instances:
    // - Request 1 (add item) → Instance 3 → items=[item1]
    // - Request 2 (get cart) → Instance 7 → items=[] WRONG! (state in Instance 3)
    // - Instance 3 crashes → cart data LOST
    
    // Solution: sticky sessions (limits scaling) or external state store
}

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// ========== PATTERN 1: PASSING STATE AS PARAMETERS ==========
// Push state to client, receive it back with each request
 
public class OrderProcessor {
    // No instance state
    
    public OrderResult process(Order order, ProcessingContext context) {
        // All information needed is in parameters
        // context contains: user info, preferences, permissions, etc.
        
        BigDecimal total = calculateTotal(order, context.getTaxRate());
        boolean canShip = checkInventory(order, context.getWarehouse());
        
        return new OrderResult(total, canShip);
    }
    
    // Pure function: same order + context always yields same result
}
 
 
// ========== PATTERN 2: EXTERNALIZED STATE (DATABASE/CACHE) ==========
// State lives outside the service, fetched on demand
 
@Service
public class ShoppingCartService {
    @Autowired
    private CartRepository cartRepository;  // External state store
    
    public Cart getCart(String userId) {
        return cartRepository.findByUserId(userId);
    }
    
    public Cart addItem(String userId, CartItem item) {
        Cart cart = cartRepository.findByUserId(userId);
        cart.addItem(item);
        return cartRepository.save(cart);  // Persisted externally
    }
    
    // Service is stateless: any instance can handle any user
    // State is in the database, not in service instances
}
 
 
// ========== PATTERN 3: TOKEN-BASED IDENTITY ==========
// Client carries identity proof, server verifies without state
 
@RestController
public class ApiController {
    @Autowired
    private JwtValidator jwtValidator;  // Stateless validation
    
    @GetMapping("/protected")
    public Response protectedEndpoint(@RequestHeader("Authorization") String token) {
        // Validate JWT without storing sessions
        Claims claims = jwtValidator.validate(token);  // Pure operation
        
        String userId = claims.getSubject();
        List<String> roles = claims.get("roles", List.class);
        
        // All user context comes from the token
        // No server-side session storage needed
        return buildResponse(userId, roles);
    }
    
    // Server keeps no per-user state
    // Scales infinitely: any server can validate any token
}
 
 
// ========== PATTERN 4: FUNCTIONAL STATELESS OBJECTS ==========
// Objects with no fields, only pure methods
 
public final class EmailValidator {
    // No fields at all
    
    public boolean isValid(String email) {
        return email != null 
            && email.contains("@")
            && email.length() <= 254
            && EMAIL_PATTERN.matcher(email).matches();
    }
    
    // Can be singleton: no reason to have multiple instances
    public static final EmailValidator INSTANCE = new EmailValidator();
}
 
 
// ========== PATTERN 5: IMMUTABLE REQUEST/RESPONSE ==========
// All state travels with the message
 
public record PriceRequest(
    String productId,
    int quantity,
    String currency,
    String customerTier,
    List<String> appliedCoupons,
    Instant requestTime
) {
    // Everything needed to compute price is in this record
    // No hidden context; completely self-describing
}
 
public record PriceResponse(
    BigDecimal basePrice,
    BigDecimal discount,
    BigDecimal tax,
    BigDecimal finalPrice,
    List<String> appliedCoupons
) {
    // Complete response; no need to query service for more info
}

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// ========== PATTERN 1: STATE OBJECT ==========
// Encapsulate related state in a dedicated class
 
public class ConversationState {
    private final String conversationId;
    private final String userId;
    private List<Message> messages;
    private ConversationStatus status;
    private Instant startedAt;
    private Instant lastActiveAt;
    
    public void addMessage(Message message) {
        messages.add(message);
        lastActiveAt = Instant.now();
    }
    
    public void close() {
        this.status = ConversationStatus.CLOSED;
    }
    
    // Clear lifecycle, well-defined transitions
}
 
 
// ========== PATTERN 2: STATE PROVIDER/MANAGER ==========
// Centralized state management with clear access patterns
 
@Service
public class SessionManager {
    private final Map<String, UserSession> sessions = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    private final ScheduledExecutorService cleaner = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
    
    public SessionManager() {
        // Automatic cleanup of expired sessions
        cleaner.scheduleAtFixedRate(this::cleanExpiredSessions, 1, 1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
    }
    
    public UserSession createSession(User user) {
        UserSession session = new UserSession(user, Duration.ofHours(24));
        sessions.put(session.getId(), session);
        return session;
    }
    
    public Optional<UserSession> getSession(String sessionId) {
        UserSession session = sessions.get(sessionId);
        if (session != null && !session.isExpired()) {
            session.touch();  // Update last access time
            return Optional.of(session);
        }
        return Optional.empty();
    }
    
    public void invalidateSession(String sessionId) {
        sessions.remove(sessionId);
    }
    
    private void cleanExpiredSessions() {
        sessions.entrySet().removeIf(e -> e.getValue().isExpired());
    }
}
 
 
// ========== PATTERN 3: BUILDER WITH ACCUMULATED STATE ==========
// State accumulates during construction, then frozen
 
public class QueryBuilder {
    private String table;
    private List<String> columns = new ArrayList<>();
    private List<String> conditions = new ArrayList<>();
    private List<String> orderBy = new ArrayList<>();
    private Integer limit;
    
    public QueryBuilder from(String table) {
        this.table = table;
        return this;
    }
    
    public QueryBuilder select(String... cols) {
        columns.addAll(Arrays.asList(cols));
        return this;
    }
    
    public QueryBuilder where(String condition) {
        conditions.add(condition);
        return this;
    }
    
    public QueryBuilder orderBy(String column) {
        orderBy.add(column);
        return this;
    }
    
    public QueryBuilder limit(int limit) {
        this.limit = limit;
        return this;
    }
    
    public String build() {
        // Accumulated state used to construct final result
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder("SELECT ");
        sql.append(columns.isEmpty() ? "*" : String.join(", ", columns));
        sql.append(" FROM ").append(table);
        if (!conditions.isEmpty()) {
            sql.append(" WHERE ").append(String.join(" AND ", conditions));
        }
        if (!orderBy.isEmpty()) {
            sql.append(" ORDER BY ").append(String.join(", ", orderBy));
        }
        if (limit != null) {
            sql.append(" LIMIT ").append(limit);
        }
        return sql.toString();
    }
}
 
 
// ========== PATTERN 4: OBSERVABLE STATE ==========
// State changes notify observers
 
public class ObservableInventory {
    private final Map<String, Integer> stock = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    private final List<InventoryObserver> observers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
    
    public void addObserver(InventoryObserver observer) {
        observers.add(observer);
    }
    
    public void updateStock(String productId, int newQuantity) {
        int oldQuantity = stock.getOrDefault(productId, 0);
        stock.put(productId, newQuantity);
        
        // Notify observers of state change
        StockUpdate update = new StockUpdate(productId, oldQuantity, newQuantity);
        observers.forEach(o -> o.onStockUpdate(update));
        
        if (newQuantity == 0 && oldQuantity > 0) {
            observers.forEach(o -> o.onOutOfStock(productId));
        }
    }
    
    public int getStock(String productId) {
        return stock.getOrDefault(productId, 0);
    }
}

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/**
 * Hybrid Architecture Example: E-Commerce System
 * 
 * Layer 1 (Stateless): API Gateway / Controllers
 *   - Handles HTTP requests
 *   - Validates tokens
 *   - Routes to services
 *   - Any instance handles any request
 * 
 * Layer 2 (Stateless): Business Logic Services
 *   - Pure domain logic
 *   - No instance state
 *   - All state passed as parameters or fetched from stores
 * 
 * Layer 3 (Stateful): State Stores
 *   - Redis for sessions/carts
 *   - PostgreSQL for persistent data
 *   - Kafka for event streams
 */
 
// API Layer: Completely stateless
@RestController
public class OrderController {
    @Autowired private OrderService orderService;  // Stateless
    @Autowired private SessionStore sessionStore;  // External state store
    
    @PostMapping("/orders")
    public Order createOrder(@RequestBody CreateOrderRequest request,
                             @RequestHeader("Authorization") String token) {
        // Step 1: Stateless validation
        String userId = jwtValidator.extractUserId(token);
        
        // Step 2: Fetch state from external store
        Cart cart = sessionStore.getCart(userId);
        UserProfile user = userRepository.findById(userId);
        
        // Step 3: Stateless business logic
        Order order = orderService.createOrder(cart, user, request);
        
        // Step 4: Persist state to external store
        orderRepository.save(order);
        sessionStore.clearCart(userId);
        
        return order;
    }
}
 
// Business Logic: Stateless services
@Service
public class OrderService {
    // No instance fields
    
    @Autowired private InventoryChecker inventoryChecker;  // Stateless
    @Autowired private PricingEngine pricingEngine;        // Stateless
    @Autowired private TaxCalculator taxCalculator;        // Stateless
    
    public Order createOrder(Cart cart, UserProfile user, CreateOrderRequest request) {
        // Pure business logic: all inputs provided
        inventoryChecker.validateAvailability(cart);
        
        BigDecimal subtotal = pricingEngine.calculate(cart, user.getTier());
        BigDecimal tax = taxCalculator.calculate(subtotal, user.getAddress());
        BigDecimal total = subtotal.add(tax);
        
        return Order.builder()
            .userId(user.getId())
            .items(cart.getItems())
            .subtotal(subtotal)
            .tax(tax)
            .total(total)
            .shippingAddress(request.getShippingAddress())
            .build();
    }
    
    // Testable in isolation: provide inputs, verify output
}
 
// State Stores: Externalized stateful components
@Component
public class SessionStore {
    @Autowired private RedisTemplate<String, Object> redis;
    
    public Cart getCart(String userId) {
        return (Cart) redis.opsForValue().get("cart:" + userId);
    }
    
    public void saveCart(String userId, Cart cart) {
        redis.opsForValue().set("cart:" + userId, cart, Duration.ofHours(24));
    }
    
    public void clearCart(String userId) {
        redis.delete("cart:" + userId);
    }
}

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// ========== TESTING STATELESS COMPONENTS ==========
// Pure input/output: straightforward
 
class PricingEngineTest {
    
    private final PricingEngine engine = new PricingEngine();
    
    @Test
    void shouldCalculateBasicPrice() {
        // Given: inputs
        var cart = Cart.of(
            new CartItem("PROD-1", 2, new BigDecimal("10.00")),
            new CartItem("PROD-2", 1, new BigDecimal("25.00"))
        );
        
        // When: pure computation
        BigDecimal result = engine.calculate(cart, CustomerTier.STANDARD);
        
        // Then: verify output
        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("45.00"), result);
    }
    
    @ParameterizedTest
    @CsvSource({
        "STANDARD, 45.00",
        "SILVER, 42.75",    // 5% discount
        "GOLD, 40.50",      // 10% discount
        "PLATINUM, 36.00"   // 20% discount
    })
    void shouldApplyTierDiscounts(CustomerTier tier, String expectedPrice) {
        var cart = Cart.of(new CartItem("PROD-1", 1, new BigDecimal("45.00")));
        
        BigDecimal result = engine.calculate(cart, tier);
        
        assertEquals(new BigDecimal(expectedPrice), result);
    }
    
    // No setup, no teardown, no mocks, no state to manage
    // Tests are independent and can run in any order
}
 
 
// ========== TESTING STATEFUL COMPONENTS ==========
// Requires careful lifecycle management
 
class ShoppingCartTest {
    
    private ShoppingCart cart;
    
    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        // Must establish initial state
        cart = new ShoppingCart();
    }
    
    @Test
    void shouldTrackItemsAcrossMultipleAdds() {
        // Stateful: each add affects the next
        cart.addItem(new Product("A", new BigDecimal("10")), 1);
        cart.addItem(new Product("B", new BigDecimal("20")), 2);
        
        assertEquals(3, cart.getItemCount());
        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("50"), cart.getTotal());
    }
    
    @Test
    void shouldRemoveItemsCorrectly() {
        // Must set up state first
        cart.addItem(new Product("A", new BigDecimal("10")), 2);
        cart.addItem(new Product("B", new BigDecimal("20")), 1);
        
        // Then test state transition
        cart.removeItem("A");
        
        assertEquals(1, cart.getItemCount());
        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("20"), cart.getTotal());
    }
    
    @Test
    void shouldHandleStateThroughCompleteLifecycle() {
        // Integration test: state through multiple phases
        assertTrue(cart.isEmpty());
        
        cart.addItem(new Product("A", new BigDecimal("10")), 1);
        assertFalse(cart.isEmpty());
        
        cart.clear();
        assertTrue(cart.isEmpty());
    }
    
    // Test order may matter if tests share state (they shouldn't!)
    // Must reset state between tests
}
 
 
// ========== TESTING HYBRID SYSTEMS ==========
// Mock external state stores; test business logic in isolation
 
class OrderServiceTest {
    
    @Mock private SessionStore sessionStore;
    @Mock private OrderRepository orderRepository;
    @Mock private InventoryChecker inventoryChecker;
    
    @InjectMocks private OrderService orderService;
    
    @Test
    void shouldCreateOrderFromCart() {
        // Arrange: mock stateful dependencies
        Cart cart = Cart.of(new CartItem("PROD-1", 2, new BigDecimal("50.00")));
        UserProfile user = new UserProfile("USER-1", CustomerTier.GOLD, address);
        
        when(inventoryChecker.isAvailable(any())).thenReturn(true);
        
        // Act: test stateless business logic
        Order order = orderService.createOrder(cart, user, request);
        
        // Assert: verify computation
        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("90.00"), order.getTotal());  // 10% GOLD discount + tax
        assertEquals("USER-1", order.getUserId());
    }
}